[75%] 
1. Greetings:
你好! (Nĭ hăo!) is a popular greeting. In English, it means “Hello”,
“Hi”,“How are you?” and “good day!” etc. It may be used in the
morning, in the afternoon or in the evening. The answer to it is also
你好! (Nĭ hăo!)
2. Adjectives as verbs:
When adjectives form the predicate, that is, when they say what the subject
is or is not, they function as verbs. That’s why an adjective is also known
as a STATIVE VERB in Chinese. There is no additional word for ‘to be’. For
instance:
他 忙。 Tā máng. He is busy.
Subject predicate
我们好。 Wŏmen hăo. We are fine.
Note that the Chinese verb, be it a stative or an action verb, has no morphological
changes whatsoever resulting from person, gender, number, time, etc.. Thus:
我好。 Wŏ hăo. I am fine.
你好。 Nĭ hăo. You are fine.
他好。 Tā hăo. He is good.
我们忙。 Wŏmen máng. We are busy.
3. Negation:
When you negate a Chinese sentence, you simply place the adverb before the predicative
verb. For example:
他 不 忙。 Tā bù máng. He is not busy.
Subject adv. predicative verb
我们不好。 Wŏmen bù hăo. We are not OK.
Note that the tone of 不(bu), ‘not’ is fourth, except when the following word is in
the fourth tone, when it change to the second tone.
4. Stative verbs and the adverbs: 很，也，都，不:
Adverbs such as 很，也，都，不 come immediately before the verb and can only be separated
from it by another adverb.
他很好。我们也都很好。
Tā hĕn hăo. Wŏmen yĕ dōu hĕn hăo.
He is good. We are all very good, too.
When there is an adjectival predicate in a simple affirmative sentence, the adverb 很is
usually put before it. 很 in this case does not carry the meaning of degree “very”.
For example:
他们很忙。 Tāmen hĕn máng. They are busy.
If 很 is absent, the sentence then implies an contrast:
他们很忙，我哥哥不忙。
Tāmen hĕn máng, wŏ gēge bù máng.
They are busy, but my older brother is not.
Also, adverbs cannot be used as a modifier of a noun, thus an English sentence such as:
“All of us are busy.” is expressed in Chinese as :
他们都忙。 Tāmen dōu máng. They are ALL busy.
Some more examples:
哥哥，弟弟都好。 Gēge, dìdi dōu hăo. Both older and younger brothers are fine.
我们都不忙。 Wŏmen dōu bù máng. None of us are busy.
When two or more adverbs occur together, their order is governed by the rule that the
modifier is applied directly before the expression to be modified. Thus a distinction
should be noted about the position of the adverb 不 between BEFORE and AFTER other
adverbs such as 都，很. Before the adverbs 都 and 很, it is a partial negation; and
after those adverbs, it is a total negation. Compare the following examples:
他们不都忙。 Tāmen bù dōu máng. Not all of them are busy.
他们都不忙。 Tāmen dōu bù máng. None of them are busy.
哥哥不很好。 Gēge bù hĕn hăo. The older brother is not very good.
哥哥很不好。 Gēge hĕn bù hăo. The older brother is bad(very not good).
5. Simple questions and answers:
A simple question is formed by adding the interrogative particle 吗 to the end
of a declarative sentence:
你忙吗？ Nĭ máng ma? Are you busy?
他不好吗？ Tá bù hăo ma? Isn’t he nice?
The answer to a simple question can be full or short.
你忙吗？
我忙。(full) Wŏ máng. I’m busy. / 忙 (short) Máng. Busy.
我不忙。 Wŏ bù mang. I’m not busy. / 不忙 Bù máng. Not busy.
6. Particle 呢 and Follow-up questions
Particle 呢 supplies the means of cutting a question down to a topic. It shows
that the same question as that asked previously is to be raised about a new topic.
It somewhat resembles English “And--?”, “ What about--?”. Following are some
examples:
你好吗？好，你呢？我也很好。
Nĭ hăo ma? Hăo, nĭ ne? Wŏ yĕ hĕn hăo.
Are you OK? Yes. And you? I’m OK, too.
你哥哥不忙。 你弟弟呢？
Nĭ gēge bù máng. Nĭ dìdi ne?
Your older brother is not busy. What about your younger brother?
Pronunciation notes:
1. Tone sandhi:
When two third tones are spoken in succession, like Nĭ hăo, the first third
tone becomes second tone. This tone change is known as sandhi in linguistics.
Sandhi is practiced only when you try to pronounce it. If you want to write
it down in Pinyin, the tone mark is not changed.
Speech Patterns:
1. Contrastive sentences with stative verbs:
1. 哥哥好，弟弟不好。
2. 你忙，他不忙。
3. 哥哥忙，弟弟忙，我不忙。
4. 你好，他们不好 。
5. 我们忙，你们不忙。
1. Gēge hăo, dìdi bù hăo.
2. Nĭ máng, tā bù máng.
3. Gēge máng, dìdi máng, wŏ bù máng.
4. Nĭ hăo, tāmen bù hăo.
5. Wŏmen máng, nĭmen bù máng.
1. The older brother is good, but the younger brother is not.
2. You are busy, but he is not.
3. The older brother is busy, the younger brother is busy, but I am not.
4. You are nice, but they are not.
5. We are busy, but you are not.
2. Stative verbs with adverbial modifier:
1. 他哥哥很好。他也很好。
2. 他不忙，我们也都不忙。
3. 我们不都很忙，我忙，他不忙 。
4. 哥哥，弟弟都好，他们也都很忙。
5. 他们都不很忙，我们不都很忙。
1. Tā gēge hĕn hăo. Tā yĕ hĕn hăo.
2. Tā bù máng. Wŏmen yĕ dōu bù máng.
3. Wŏmen bù dōu hĕn máng. Wŏ máng, tā bù máng.
4. Gēge, dìdi dōu hăo, Tāmen yĕ dōu hĕn máng.
5. Tāmen dōu bù hĕn máng. Wŏmen bù dōu hĕn máng.
1. His older brother is nice, so is he.
2. He is not busy. None of us is busy, either.
3. Not all of us are busy. I’m busy, but he is not.
4. Both older and younger brother are good. They are also very busy.
5. All of them are not very busy. Not all of us are very busy.
3. Questions and answers:
1. 你们都好吗？我们都好。你呢？我也很好。
2. 你哥哥忙吗？忙。我也很忙。你呢？我不很忙。
3. 你们都不很忙吗？我不很忙，他很忙。
4. 你弟弟不好，你哥哥呢？我哥哥很好。
5. 他们都很好，你也很好吗？我也好，你呢？
1. Nĭmen dōu hăo ma? Wŏmen dōu hăo. Nĭ ne? Wŏ yĕ hĕn hăo.
2. Nĭ gēge máng ma? Máng. Wŏ yĕ hĕn máng. Nĭ ne? Wŏ bù hĕn máng.
3. Nĭmen dōu bù hĕn máng ma? Wŏ bù hĕn máng. Tā hĕn máng.
4. Nĭ dìdi bù hăo, ni gēge ne? Wŏ gēge hĕn hăo.
5. Tāmen dōu hĕn hăo. Nĭ yĕ hĕn hăo ma? Wŏ yĕ hăo. Nĭ ne?
1. Are both of you fine? We are both fine. And you? I’m also fine.
2. Is your older brother busy? Yes. I’m busy, too. What about you? I am not.
3. Are both of you not very busy? I’m not, but he is very busy.
4. Your younger brother is not nice. What about your older brother? My older brother is very nice.
5. All of them are very well. Are you also very well? I’m fine. And you?
你好! (Nĭ hăo!) is a popular greeting. In English, it means “Hello”,
“Hi”,“How are you?” and “good day!” etc. It may be used in the
morning, in the afternoon or in the evening. The answer to it is also
你好! (Nĭ hăo!)
2. Adjectives as verbs:
When adjectives form the predicate, that is, when they say what the subject
is or is not, they function as verbs. That’s why an adjective is also known
as a STATIVE VERB in Chinese. There is no additional word for ‘to be’. For
instance:
他 忙。 Tā máng. He is busy.
Subject predicate
我们好。 Wŏmen hăo. We are fine.
Note that the Chinese verb, be it a stative or an action verb, has no morphological
changes whatsoever resulting from person, gender, number, time, etc.. Thus:
我好。 Wŏ hăo. I am fine.
你好。 Nĭ hăo. You are fine.
他好。 Tā hăo. He is good.
我们忙。 Wŏmen máng. We are busy.
3. Negation:
When you negate a Chinese sentence, you simply place the adverb before the predicative
verb. For example:
他 不 忙。 Tā bù máng. He is not busy.
Subject adv. predicative verb
我们不好。 Wŏmen bù hăo. We are not OK.
Note that the tone of 不(bu), ‘not’ is fourth, except when the following word is in
the fourth tone, when it change to the second tone.
4. Stative verbs and the adverbs: 很，也，都，不:
Adverbs such as 很，也，都，不 come immediately before the verb and can only be separated
from it by another adverb.
他很好。我们也都很好。
Tā hĕn hăo. Wŏmen yĕ dōu hĕn hăo.
He is good. We are all very good, too.
When there is an adjectival predicate in a simple affirmative sentence, the adverb 很is
usually put before it. 很 in this case does not carry the meaning of degree “very”.
For example:
他们很忙。 Tāmen hĕn máng. They are busy.
If 很 is absent, the sentence then implies an contrast:
他们很忙，我哥哥不忙。
Tāmen hĕn máng, wŏ gēge bù máng.
They are busy, but my older brother is not.
Also, adverbs cannot be used as a modifier of a noun, thus an English sentence such as:
“All of us are busy.” is expressed in Chinese as :
他们都忙。 Tāmen dōu máng. They are ALL busy.
Some more examples:
哥哥，弟弟都好。 Gēge, dìdi dōu hăo. Both older and younger brothers are fine.
我们都不忙。 Wŏmen dōu bù máng. None of us are busy.
When two or more adverbs occur together, their order is governed by the rule that the
modifier is applied directly before the expression to be modified. Thus a distinction
should be noted about the position of the adverb 不 between BEFORE and AFTER other
adverbs such as 都，很. Before the adverbs 都 and 很, it is a partial negation; and
after those adverbs, it is a total negation. Compare the following examples:
他们不都忙。 Tāmen bù dōu máng. Not all of them are busy.
他们都不忙。 Tāmen dōu bù máng. None of them are busy.
哥哥不很好。 Gēge bù hĕn hăo. The older brother is not very good.
哥哥很不好。 Gēge hĕn bù hăo. The older brother is bad(very not good).
5. Simple questions and answers:
A simple question is formed by adding the interrogative particle 吗 to the end
of a declarative sentence:
你忙吗？ Nĭ máng ma? Are you busy?
他不好吗？ Tá bù hăo ma? Isn’t he nice?
The answer to a simple question can be full or short.
你忙吗？
我忙。(full) Wŏ máng. I’m busy. / 忙 (short) Máng. Busy.
我不忙。 Wŏ bù mang. I’m not busy. / 不忙 Bù máng. Not busy.
6. Particle 呢 and Follow-up questions
Particle 呢 supplies the means of cutting a question down to a topic. It shows
that the same question as that asked previously is to be raised about a new topic.
It somewhat resembles English “And--?”, “ What about--?”. Following are some
examples:
你好吗？好，你呢？我也很好。
Nĭ hăo ma? Hăo, nĭ ne? Wŏ yĕ hĕn hăo.
Are you OK? Yes. And you? I’m OK, too.
你哥哥不忙。 你弟弟呢？
Nĭ gēge bù máng. Nĭ dìdi ne?
Your older brother is not busy. What about your younger brother?
Pronunciation notes:
1. Tone sandhi:
When two third tones are spoken in succession, like Nĭ hăo, the first third
tone becomes second tone. This tone change is known as sandhi in linguistics.
Sandhi is practiced only when you try to pronounce it. If you want to write
it down in Pinyin, the tone mark is not changed.
Speech Patterns:
1. Contrastive sentences with stative verbs:
1. 哥哥好，弟弟不好。
2. 你忙，他不忙。
3. 哥哥忙，弟弟忙，我不忙。
4. 你好，他们不好 。
5. 我们忙，你们不忙。
1. Gēge hăo, dìdi bù hăo.
2. Nĭ máng, tā bù máng.
3. Gēge máng, dìdi máng, wŏ bù máng.
4. Nĭ hăo, tāmen bù hăo.
5. Wŏmen máng, nĭmen bù máng.
1. The older brother is good, but the younger brother is not.
2. You are busy, but he is not.
3. The older brother is busy, the younger brother is busy, but I am not.
4. You are nice, but they are not.
5. We are busy, but you are not.
2. Stative verbs with adverbial modifier:
1. 他哥哥很好。他也很好。
2. 他不忙，我们也都不忙。
3. 我们不都很忙，我忙，他不忙 。
4. 哥哥，弟弟都好，他们也都很忙。
5. 他们都不很忙，我们不都很忙。
1. Tā gēge hĕn hăo. Tā yĕ hĕn hăo.
2. Tā bù máng. Wŏmen yĕ dōu bù máng.
3. Wŏmen bù dōu hĕn máng. Wŏ máng, tā bù máng.
4. Gēge, dìdi dōu hăo, Tāmen yĕ dōu hĕn máng.
5. Tāmen dōu bù hĕn máng. Wŏmen bù dōu hĕn máng.
1. His older brother is nice, so is he.
2. He is not busy. None of us is busy, either.
3. Not all of us are busy. I’m busy, but he is not.
4. Both older and younger brother are good. They are also very busy.
5. All of them are not very busy. Not all of us are very busy.
3. Questions and answers:
1. 你们都好吗？我们都好。你呢？我也很好。
2. 你哥哥忙吗？忙。我也很忙。你呢？我不很忙。
3. 你们都不很忙吗？我不很忙，他很忙。
4. 你弟弟不好，你哥哥呢？我哥哥很好。
5. 他们都很好，你也很好吗？我也好，你呢？
1. Nĭmen dōu hăo ma? Wŏmen dōu hăo. Nĭ ne? Wŏ yĕ hĕn hăo.
2. Nĭ gēge máng ma? Máng. Wŏ yĕ hĕn máng. Nĭ ne? Wŏ bù hĕn máng.
3. Nĭmen dōu bù hĕn máng ma? Wŏ bù hĕn máng. Tā hĕn máng.
4. Nĭ dìdi bù hăo, ni gēge ne? Wŏ gēge hĕn hăo.
5. Tāmen dōu hĕn hăo. Nĭ yĕ hĕn hăo ma? Wŏ yĕ hăo. Nĭ ne?
1. Are both of you fine? We are both fine. And you? I’m also fine.
2. Is your older brother busy? Yes. I’m busy, too. What about you? I am not.
3. Are both of you not very busy? I’m not, but he is very busy.
4. Your younger brother is not nice. What about your older brother? My older brother is very nice.
5. All of them are very well. Are you also very well? I’m fine. And you?
